2 Peter 3:18 - …but grow in the grace and knowledge of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ…
3 truths to understand regarding the old man of sin that can be manifested in false teachers and at the same time helpful to us as we wrestle with sin
I. The Old Man of Sin has a Specific Nature
A. A way of seeing – “having eyes full of adultery that never cease from sin” (v. 14)
“to be thoroughly characterized by something”
Romans 15:14 - And concerning you, my brethren, I myself also am convinced that you yourselves are full of goodness, filled with all knowledge and able also to admonish one another.
James 3:17 - But the wisdom from above is first pure, then peaceable, gentle, reasonable, full of mercy and good fruits, unwavering, without hypocrisy.
Matthew 6:19-24 - Do not store up for yourselves treasures on earth…But store up for yourselves treasures in heaven…for where your treasure is, there your heart will be also. The eye is the lamp of the body; so then if your eye is clear, your whole body will be full of light. But if your eye is bad, your whole body will be full of darkness…No one can serve two masters; for either he will hate the one and love the other, or he will be devoted to one and despise the other. You cannot serve (love) God and wealth.
B. A way of loving – “indulging the flesh in its corrupt desires” (v. 10), “count it a pleasure” (v. 13), “loving the wages of unrighteousness” (v. 15)
C. A way of living – “having a heart trained in greed” (v. 14)
“The little human animal will not at first have the right responses. It must be trained to feel pleasure, liking, disgust, and hatred at those things which really are pleasant likeable, disgusting and hateful.” (C.S. Lewis, The Abolition of Man)
“In the life of God’s people will be seen first of all a remarkable reversal of values. They (God’s people) will prize what the world calls pitiable, and suspect what the world thinks desirable.” (Michael Wilcock, The Savior of the World: The Message of Luke’s Gospel, 86)
II. The Old Man of Sin has Specific Summary Characteristics
A. Deceived – “reviling in their deceptions” (v. 13)
B. Proud – “despise authority, daring, self-willed, do not tremble when they revile angelic majesties, reviling where they have no knowledge.” (v. 10, 12)
“If we could sum it up, it’s the mindset of self, the pursuit of self-exaltation, a focus on the desire to control all things for self. In exalting himself, the person actually believes, ‘I am valuable and worthy. I am the source of anything good or wise or successful. I deserve the credit for whatever I achieve or acquire. I deserve love, admiration, and respect. All good things are from me, through me and to me. All honor and glory should go to me for my enjoyment and pleasure.’” (Stuart Scott, From Pride to Humility)
C. Animalistic – like “unreasoning animals, creatures of instinct, a mute donkey speaking with the voice of a man restrained the madness of the prophet” (v. 12, 16)
Numbers 22:22-30 - But God was angry because he was going, and the angel of the Lord took his stand in the way as an adversary against him. Now he was riding on his donkey…When the donkey saw the angel of the Lord standing in the way with his drawn sword in his hand, the donkey turned off from the way and went into the field; but Balaam struck the donkey to turn her back into the way. Then the angel of the Lord stood in a narrow path of the vineyards, with a wall on this side and a wall on that side. When the donkey saw the angel of the Lord, she pressed herself to the wall and pressed Balaam’s foot against the wall, so he struck her again. The angel of the Lord went further, and stood in a narrow place where there was no way to turn to the right hand or the left. When the donkey saw the angel of the Lord, she lay down under Balaam; so Balaam was angry and struck the donkey with his stick. And the Lord opened the mouth of the donkey, and she said to Balaam, “What have I done to you, that you have struck me these three times?” Then Balaam said to the donkey, “Because you have made a mockery of me! If there had been a sword in my hand, I would have killed you by now.” The donkey said to Balaam, “Am I not your donkey on which you have ridden all your life to this day? Have I ever been accustomed to do so to you?” And he said, “No.” Then the angel of the Lord opened the eyes of Balaam.
III. The Old Man of Sin has a Sure End Result – Destruction (v. 12)
2 Peter 3:12 - But these, like unreasoning animals, born as creatures of instinct to be captured and killed, reviling where they have no knowledge, will in the destruction of those creatures also be destroyed…
Do we have some animal lovers here this morning?
I’m enjoy animals until well they start acting like animals….
Animals are unreasoning, instinctual creatures, and only do what their immediate inclination is.
They have no concept of what is good, right, beautiful to guide direct their instinctual desires.
Question: What is the difference between humans and animals?
I’m not an evolutionist but given that world view, theoretically, human and animals technically should not be different.
But we all know that humans and animals are different!
Yet…however, often humans act like animals.
Some of you have heard C.S. Lewis’ phrase “Men without chests”
That is the title of chapter 1 of his book, “The Abolition of Man”
Notice what he calls his book—the abolition of man….meaning reducing mankind to something less than human….
In our muscle-bound society today, the phrase “Men without chests” can conjure up images of weak men who
Are effeminate.
Live in the parent’s basement through middle age
Can’t play sports
Can’t bench press their body weight
But C.S. Lewis did not mean for the phrase “Men without Chests” to conjure up physically weak men.
For C.S. Lewis “Men without chest” meant that a man did not have the capacity to determine what was most lovely, beautiful and good, and therefore, his rational capacities were driven by his gut appetites.
Paraphrasing C.S. Lewis said, “The head (rational component of man)) rules the belly (the appetite) through the chest (the heart—what we love the most, our affections).
A man whose heart affection has not been trained to love what is truly lovely is destined to think with his belly (his appetites).
So, a man who has a chest—he has an appropriately trained heart that loves what is good, and beautiful, will have the mental, rational, capacity to not simply be driven by his appetites…but will have an appetite for true beauty….
A man then who thinks with his belly, his appetites…is reduce to no more than animal like in his orientation.
Let me give you an illustration…imagine a man and a woman who been married for 40 years. They have been practicing God’s principles of marriage including God’s beautiful plan of sex in marriage. They don’t just say they have a good marriage, but when you are around them, they are comfortable with one another, they consider one another, they are affectionate with one another, their eyes are full of one another, and they regularly joke (embarrassing their kids) about wanting get home and be with one another— if you know what I mean. They are romantic, but it’s a genuine romance not a contrived one.
This attractive and beautiful couple, turns our head, captivates our hearts and draws us to them.
So…in Lewis’ terms A heart/chest trained in looking for what is truly lovely and beautiful in God’s design for marriage will say no—to ignoring problems, to allowing bitterness to creep into marriages, to pornography, to one night stands, broken relationships, sex in marriage that is gratuitous and selfish, .
Whereas a man without a chest—not trained in what is truly lovely…. …will simply go with whatever his mind says feels good on a given day….no more than an animal who cannot discern what is truly beautiful.
True beauty captivates us.
True beauty turns our heads.
Men without chests are simply like animals who do not have the capacity to evaluate what is truly beautiful.
With those thoughts in mind, please turn to 2 Peter 2:10-16.
That is on page 184 in the back section of the Bible in the chair in front of you.
We are coming down the home stretch of our annual series Hope for Everyday Life.
And this Fall before our stewardship emphasis we are studying the book of 2 Peter with the theme of “Growing in Grace and Knowledge” taken from the last verse of 2 Peter which reads
3:18 but grow in the grace and knowledge of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ…
Now if you have been present with us the last two weeks, we have been talking about false teachers, and Peter continues that emphasis for us today.
You may be wondering, “How is all this talk about false teachers related to growing in the grace and knowledge of our Lord Jesus Christ?”
Part of that false teaching we will see in chapter 3 is about whether or not Jesus would return again and execute judgement.
Peter makes the statement in 2 Peter 3 “ Some say, where is the promise of his coming.”
So, part of the false teaching that the early church was facing—was that Jesus is not coming back and if he is not coming back to judge, it doesn’t really matter how we live.
So, their false teaching also resulted in a lack of holiness in their lifestyle.
You will see that Peter refers to these false teachers in animal-like terms.
True understanding of the glorious teaching about Jesus’ grace in his first coming and judgement in his 2nd coming must result in a change in our life….
That’s why Peter started the letter with …“Add to your faith, moral excellence, self-control, godliness…remember…???!!!.
Christ did not simply come and save us from something but to something more beautiful, better, satisfying, and eternal
…that beautiful way of life— as true beauty does— turns the head of a wayward culture to consider Jesus’ better way…
Today, Peter helps us grow in the grace and knowledge of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ by
Considering the Character of False Teachers
Let’s start in verse 1 to get a running start—10-16
This is the word of God…
1 But false prophets also arose among the people, just as there will also be false teachers among you, who will secretly introduce destructive heresies, even denying the Master who bought them, bringing swift destruction upon themselves.
2 Many will follow their sensuality,(driven by their appetites—“men without chests) and because of them the way of the truth will be maligned; (that which is truly beautiful is not).
Now…jump down to verse 10)
Peter now returns to a more robust description of these false teachers.
Take notice of a possible orientation and characteristics of the false teachers.
10and especially those who indulge the flesh in its corrupt desires (driven by their appetites—“men without chests”) and despise authority.
Daring, self-willed, they do not tremble when they revile angelic majesties,
11whereas angels who are greater in might and power do not bring a reviling judgment against them before the Lord.
12But these, like unreasoning animals, born as creatures of instinct to be captured and killed, reviling where they have no knowledge, will in the destruction of those creatures also be destroyed,
13suffering wrong as the wages of doing wrong. They count it a pleasure to revel in the daytime. They are stains and blemishes, reveling in their deceptions, as they carouse with you,
14having eyes full of adultery that never cease from sin (driven by their appetites—“men without chests”), enticing unstable souls, having a heart trained in greed (driven by their appetites—“men without chests”), accursed children;
15forsaking the right way, they have gone astray, having followed the way of Balaam, the son of Beor, who loved the wages of unrighteousness;
16but he received a rebuke for his own transgression, for a mute donkey, speaking with a voice of a man, restrained the madness of the prophet.
While, the title of our message is Considering the Character of False Teachers, I want to nuance our discussion here a bit more.
With these false teachers, what Peter really does is expose the full nature of our old man of sin.
And in revealing to us the nature of our “old man of sin, I think we can learn something….Peter’s instruction then, can be viewed as not only just telling us about “Them”, the false teacher’s out there….
But what he says is grace and knowledge to us about the nature of our old way of life before Christ that we need to understand.
I’m going to use the phrase “Old man of sin” to refer to what Christ is saving us from.
That phrase comes from Eph 4:22 which says, that in regard to your former manner of life, that you lay aside the ‘old man’ which is being corrupted according to deceitful desires.
So, this morning we are speaking about
Three truths to understand regarding the old man of sin that can be manifested in false teachers and at the same time helpful to us as we wrestle with sin.
The first truth to understand regarding the old man of sin is that….
I. The old man of sin has a specific nature
I’m going to pull out three descriptions that Peter uses to help us understand the old man does not simply consist of isolated acts of sin but is an orientation…a nature…a disposition.
The old man has….
A way of seeing— “having eyes full of adultery that never cease from sin) v. 14
With these false teachers that Peter was warning his congregation about, I believe they were immoral.
Peter is not metaphorically suggesting that they are spiritual adulterers, although they are.
Peter has said early in chapter 2 verse 2, “Many will follow their sensuality.”
So we have every reason to understand that Peter was speaking about immoral teachers.
But notice how Peter describes them…not that they simply committed adultery but that they have eyes full of adultery.
The old man has a way of seeing….
And The old man sees ONLY in one way…
Peter’s word that he chooses to describe their eyes translated as “full of” means:
—“to be thoroughly characterized by something.”
Speaking of seeing…Do you see???
If I am thoroughly characterized by something it is my nature/disposition.
Positively, the apostle Paul used the same word to describe the Roman Christians with a new nature, the new man, as
Romans 15:14And concerning you, my brethren, I myself also am convinced that you yourselves are full of goodness, filled with all knowledge and able also to admonish one another.
And James uses the same term regarding God’s wisdom, the nature of God’s wisdom…its orientation as
James 3:17 But the wisdom from above is first pure, then peaceable, gentle, reasonable, full of mercy and good fruits, unwavering, without hypocrisy
In addition, our Savior also spoke about a way of seeing with the eyes full of something….in his sermon on the mount…
Matthew 6:19“Do not store up for yourselves treasures on earth, … 20“But store up for yourselves treasures in heaven, … 21for where your treasure is, there your heart will be also. 22“The eye is the lamp of the body; so then if your eye is clear, your whole body will be full of light. 23“But if your eye is bad, your whole body will be full of darkness. … 24“No one can serve two masters; for either he will hate the one and love the other, or he will be devoted to one and despise the other. You cannot serve (love) God and wealth.
A clear eye or bad eye..a way of seeing….An orientation that brings about a body full of light or darkness
This orientation also has a way of loving….
A way of loving —“indulging the flesh in its corrupt desires” (v. 10), “count it a pleasure” (v. 13), “loving the wages of unrighteousness” (v. 15)
In the passage we just referred to in Matthew, Jesus said, you cannot serve two masters you will love one and hate the other or vice versa…
In Jesus’ context he was speaking about loving earthly treasures…
Peter in his terminology says it a bit differently.
- “Indulging the flesh in its corrupt desires”
Peter uses a Greek word translated as “indulging” which means “follow after something….
For example…when Jesus said to his disciples using the exact same term “follow after me” he means leave all other loves and love me and follow me.
Similarly, when Peter says, “indulging the flesh in its corrupt desires...” what does he mean?
[For preaching pastoral reference only— not to be spoken in the sermon. “In the parallel pass. 2 Pt 2:10, on the other hand, has ὀπ. σαρκὸς ἐν ἐπιθυμίᾳ μιασμοῦ πορεύεσθαι, where the σάρξ seems rather to be the power of the defiling desire, to which (σάρξ) the sinners have pledged allegiance.” William Arndt et al., A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000), 716.]
- The old man of sin follows after corrupt desires
- The old man of sin has pledged allegiance to living animalistically
- The old man of sin has loves being a man without a chest
To further see this….Peter also indicates the orientation this ways …v. 13
- “Count it a pleasure to revel (focus on extreme comforts of ease/luxury/delights) in the daytime”
And…in verse 15
- “Loving the wages of unrighteousness”—in that particular statement Peter is specifically referring to the false prophet Balaam who loved the physical monetary reward for causing God’s people to stumble (Num 22:5, 7; Deut 23:4)
You see, the old man of sin has a way of loving….
That corrupt way of loving is centered in what our heart loves the most in this world.
But before we apply this all, the last description I’m going to highlight that Peter uses to help us understand that the old man does not simply consist of isolated acts of sin but is an orientation…a nature…a disposition.
Is that the old man has…
A way of living —“having a heart trained in greed” , v. 14
Again notice that we are speaking about the heart of mankind where our loves, desires, and affections are…..
And another word for corrupt desires is “greed”
But what is really shocking about Peter’s statement is the “trained” part!!
Peter’s word “trained” is the same word used by Paul in 1 Timothy 4:7 where Paul exhorts young pastor Timothy to “discipline or exercise or train yourself for godliness”
Did you know that the old man of sin trains itself in living and loving for the earthly pleasures and treasures of this world?
Just as athletes train for competition, the old man of sin is training to win the prize of who can obtain the most earthly pleasures and treasures.
Now folks, let’s spend a bit of time applying what we have learned.
Just look at our world for a moment…
- What is humanity’s eyes full of?
- What does humanity love?
- What is humanity trained in?
Do you have to look long to come to a conclusion?
- Immediate Sexual pleasure
- Wealth
- Power
- Fame
What is humanity’s eyes not full of
What does humanity not love
What is humanity not trained in?
- How about forgiveness?
- How about returning good for evil?
- How about giving something of value to others that actually costs something?
- How about listening carefully?
- How about preferring others more than self?
The old man of sin does not see these as truly beautiful and satisfying
That’s why C.S. Lewis says in his book the abolition of man that the little child…and notice he calls the little child an animal….
“The little human animal will not at first have the right responses. It must be trained to feel pleasure, liking, disgust, and hatred at those things which really are pleasant likeable, disgusting and hateful.” –C.S. Lewis, The Abolition of Man
Training…in loving the things that are lovely.
Training …in hating the things that are God hates.
My old man is not trained correctly coming out of the womb.
…I’m only an animal..from the perspective of what my eyes are full of, my way of loving and living.
That’s why growth and grace in the knowledge of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ produces something different…. new eyes full of seeing differently, loving differently, and living differently.
Michael Wilcock assures….
Other teaching pastors should not feel obligated to use this quote]
In the life of God’s people will be seen first of all a remarkable reversal of values. They (God’s people) will prize what the world calls pitiable, and suspect what the world thinks desirable. Michael Wilcock, The Savior of the World: The Message of Luke’s Gospel, 86.
By the way, in the second half of FCI I will be teaching a course on the heart that takes a deep dive into understanding the heart and how to change.
If you have not had the course, called “The Heart of Change” I would encourage you to take it starting October 11.
You can sign up at www.faithlafayette.org/fci
The old man of sin has an orientation…and is not simply isolated acts of sin.
The second truth to understand regarding the old man of sin is that
II. The old man of sin has specific summary characteristics.
Deceived—“reviling in their deceptions” (v. 13)
What is the essence of deception Faith family?
Believing a lie?
A lie about what?
From the beginning, Satan deceived Eve by proposing that there is another way to life and pleasure and beauty than God and His ways.
The essence of deception is that there is another way to fulfillment than God and his ways.
That’s what the old man of sin believes and rushes head long into.
“Another way”…deception…
- Another way….Delight comes from using other people sexually for my own pleasure—
- Another way….Security comes from accumulation of grasping earthly wealth
- Another way…avoiding hurt comes from me harboring grudges, dismissing, writing people off..not investing in community and keeping myself from people--deceived
- Another way…Love comes from me expecting what other people will do for me in relationships
Hugh Heffner was the founder of Playboy magazine that appealed to the corrupt desires of the Old Man of Sin and seduced a generation of men into pornography.
Many fathers raised on playboy even taught their sons about what they thought a real man was sexually by sharing with their sons playboy—exploiting women sexually.
Hugh Heffner died in 2017
What was his legacy?
How does the world remember him?
As a great model for humanity? Sexual liberator? Fullfilled and satisfied man?
Ross Douthat wrote in the New York Times upon his death, -- The arc of his life vindicated his moral critics, conservative and feminist: What began with talk of jazz and Picasso and other signifiers of good taste ended in a sleazy decrepitude that would have been pitiable if it wasn’t still so exploitative. Early Hef had a pipe and suit and a highbrow reference for every occasion; he even claimed to have a philosophy, that final refuge of the scoundrel. But late Hef was a lecherous, low-brow Peter Pan, playing at perpetual boyhood — ice cream for breakfast, pajamas all day — while bodyguards shooed male celebrities away from his paid harem and the skull grinned beneath his papery skin (Ross Douthat, New York Times, September 30, 2017).
Sounds like a fulfilling and meaningful life and satisfying end does it not?
It does not.
The Old Man of Sin is deceived.
A second summary characteristic is
Proud—“despise authority, daring, self-willed, do not tremble when they revile angelic majesties, reviling where they have no knowledge.” (v. 10, 12).
Folks, we do not know precisely what these false teachers were doing when Peter says they were reviling angelic majesties.
But what is clear is that they were speaking arrogantly in thinking they know all when they simply did not.
A summary characteristic of the old man is that he is proud.
Folks, not just with false teachers but this is a common issue for all of us.
For me to help me, I regularly have to review
- From Pride to Humility by Stuart Scott
I would encourage you to obtain this little booklet and review it regularly
Stuart Scott summarizes pride as
If we could sum it up, it’s the mindset of self, the pursuit of self-exaltation, a focus on the desire to control all things for self. In exalting himself, the person actually believes, “I am valuable and worthy. I am the source of anything good or wise or successful. I deserve the credit for whatever I achieve or acquire. I deserve love, admiration, and respect. All good things are from me, through me and to me. All honor and glory should go to me for my enjoyment and pleasure.”-Stuart Scott, From Pride to Humility
A third summary characteristic is that the old man of sin is
Animalistic—like “unreasoning animals, creatures of instinct, a mute donkey speaking with the voice of a man restrained the madness of the prophet (v. 12, 16)
When the scriptures speak of pride and arrogance, you will find that references to animalistic descriptions are also not far from.
I can illustrate that in a number of ways, but the one is when King Nebuchadnezzar of Babylon became proud and God allowed him to loose his mind and become animal like.
You can read about that in Daniel 4.
But Peter has us recall this story about Balaam and a donkey.
We do not have time to read that story in Numbers 22, 23 and 24.
However, in summary, Balaam was a false prophet, and he was hired for money, wages of unrighteous, to curse God’s people.
On his way to gain what his eyes were full of, what he loved and was trained in —money, He was riding his donkey
And in one of the most hilarious and strange episodes in the Bible…God reduces proud, irrationally, and insane Balaam to be more foolish than the donkey as an illustration of what our pride does….
Numbers 22:22 But God was angry because he was going, and the angel of the Lord took his stand in the way as an adversary against him. Now he was riding on his donkey … 23When the donkey saw the angel of the Lord standing in the way with his drawn sword in his hand, the donkey turned off from the way and went into the field; but Balaam struck the donkey to turn her back into the way. 24Then the angel of the Lord stood in a narrow path of the vineyards, with a wall on this side and a wall on that side. 25When the donkey saw the angel of the Lord, she pressed herself to the wall and pressed Balaam’s foot against the wall, so he struck her again. 26The angel of the Lord went further, and stood in a narrow place where there was no way to turn to the right hand or the left.27 When the donkey saw the angel of the Lord, she lay down under Balaam; so Balaam was angry and struck the donkey with his stick. 28 And the Lord opened the mouth of the donkey, and she said to Balaam, “What have I done to you, that you have struck me these three times?” 29Then Balaam said to the donkey, “Because you have made a mockery of me! If there had been a sword in my hand, I would have killed you by now.” 30 The donkey said to Balaam, “Am I not your donkey on which you have ridden all your life to this day? Have I ever been accustomed to do so to you?” And he said, “No.” Then the angel of the Lord opened the eyes of Balaam.
Not only is the surprise in this story that a donkey talks but what is more is that mad Balaam engages in a conversation with a donkey…
The point: The donkey had her eyes more full of God’s way than Balaam did..
Our Old man reduces us to being animalistic or less than…
Finally…
III. The old man of sin has a sure end result—Destruction, v. 12
2 Peter 3:12 But these, like unreasoning animals, born as creatures of instinct to be captured and killed, reviling where they have no knowledge, will in the destruction of those creatures also be destroyed,
Various pastors spoke about this point last week, so we do not need to spend much time on this one today.
Well, now, you say “Pastor Aucoin, you have not been very encouraging today now have you?”
And I will say back to you….look at the text I was given—7 verses and there was not one thing that the apostle Peter said that was positive.
True…but why is the apostle Peter giving us this?
First to help us know the old man of sin when we see it
- in false teachers
- or as a believer we see the old man’s remnants or habits in our life
You cannot reject/avoid/refute something that you do not recognize !
So, do you see that this hard passage is a gracious revelation from God describing our fundamental problem!
So even though this text does not have a positive statement…it is given to help us grow in the grace and knowledge of what of is truly lovely—the NEW MAN Represented in the fullest by Christ Himself
What is it that is truly lovely?
What beauty turns my head and develops me into a man with a chest?
Friends, consider Psalm 22 which is applied to Jesus Christ by the NT Scriptures.
Jesus cries out, on the cross the first line of that Psalm “My God my God why have you forsaken me.”
Also in that psalm applied to Jesus….listen to these words,
“But I am a worm and not a man”
The Psalmist is saying that he is less than a common beastly creature, he is a worm and he is not a man.
The Psalmist goes on to say that he is “the reproach of men and despised by the people”
Furthermore, he is surrounded by animals waiting to consume him…
Psalm 22: 12Many bulls have surrounded me; Strong bulls of Bashan have encircled me. 13They open wide their mouth at me, As a ravening and a roaring lion.16For dogs have surrounded me; A band of evildoers has encompassed me; They pierced my hands and my feet.
On the cross Jesus willing submitted himself to be treated and consider not even human, less than an animal and was willing to be consumed by beastlike animalistic men
In this work, Jesus loved giving his life to the beasts of mankind to save mankind.
In this act Jesus Christ was the man with a chest.
And when we behold Jesus and His love for us, we begin to develop our own chest that takes us out of our beastly state
There is one more beautiful aspect of our conversation here today.
God implanting in the Balaam story what needs to happen to us.
God gave a beastly donkey a new nature temporarily to speak sense into a beastly prophet Balaam.
The donkey in the Balaam story had more sense of what is lovely and right as the beast spoke sense to Balaam.
And in that story, we can discern what needs to happen to us, God showing us the beauty of Jesus’ Christ love for us, when believed, gives us a new nature by which we can cease being animalistic and truly human.
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